Dietary intake in individuals with phenylketonuria: an integrative review / Ingesta dietética en individuos con fenilcetonuria: una revisión integradora

Introduction: the dietary intake of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) may vary widely according to different cultural eating habits, lifestyle,access to multidisciplinary team, and metabolic formulas available. Thus, knowing the dietary intake of this population makes it possible to tailornutritional treatment strategies to impact their health.Objective: to analyze the evidence on the dietary intake of individuals with PKU.Methods: an integrative literature review was conducted on the dietary intake of individuals with PKU in the databases PUBMED, BIREME andScience Direct. Original articles that addressed the energy and macronutrient food intake of children, adolescents and/or adults with PKU wereincluded in the study, without time restriction, in any language. A total of 384 articles were found and 27 articles were selected and analyzed.Results: evidence about the nutritional composition of their diet showed that individuals with PKU consume between 1160-2721 kcal of energy—7.2-17.4 % (32.4-76.9 g) of energy as protein, 45.9-69.2 % of energy as carbohydrates, 16.6-39 % of energy as lipids— and between7.6 and 20 g of fiber.Conclusion: most individuals with PKU have low energy, protein and fiber intake, adequate lipid intake, and high carbohydrate intake. Metaboliccontrol of the disease is still a challenge in all countries. Nutritional strategies to improve dietary nutritional composition and phenylalanine bloodlevels in individuals with PKU remain an urgent issue.(AU)

Introducción: la ingesta dietética de los individuos con fenilcetonuria (PKU) puede variar ampliamente debido a los diferentes hábitos culturalesde alimentación, el estilo de vida, el acceso al equipo multidisciplinar y las fórmulas metabólicas disponibles. Por ello, conocer la ingesta dietéticade esta población permite adaptar las estrategias de tratamiento nutricional para incidir en su salud.Objetivo: analizar la evidencia sobre la ingesta dietética de individuos con PKU.Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica integradora sobre la ingesta dietética de las personas con PKU en las bases de datos PUBMED,BIREME y Science Direct. El estudio incluyó artículos originales que abordaran la ingesta alimentaria de energía y macronutrientes de niños,adolescentes y/o adultos con PKU, sin restricción de tiempo, en cualquier idioma. Se encontraron 384 artículos y se seleccionaron y analizaron 27.Resultados: la evidencia de la composición nutricional de la dieta mostró que los individuos con PKU consumen entre 1160 y 2721 kcal deenergía —7,2-17,4 % (32,4-76,9 g) de la energía en forma de proteínas, 45,9-69,2 % de la energía en carbohidratos, 16,6-39 % de la energíaen lípidos— y entre 7,6 y 20 g de fibra.Conclusiones: la mayoría de los individuos con PKU tienen una ingesta baja de energía, proteínas y fibra, una ingesta adecuada de lípidos y unaingesta alta de hidratos de carbono. El control metabólico de la enfermedad sigue siendo un reto en todos los países. Siguen siendo urgenteslas estrategias nutricionales para mejorar la composición nutricional de la dieta y los niveles de fenilalanina en sangre de los individuos con PKU.(AU)

Dietary intake in individuals with phenylketonuria: an integrative review.

Introduction: Introduction: the dietary intake of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) may vary widely according to different cultural eating habits, lifestyle, access to multidisciplinary team, and metabolic formulas available. Thus, knowing the dietary intake of this population makes it possible to tailor nutritional treatment strategies to impact their health. Objective: to analyze the evidence on the dietary intake of individuals with PKU. Methods: an integrative literature review was conducted on the dietary intake of individuals with PKU in the databases PUBMED, BIREME and Science Direct. Original articles that addressed the energy and macronutrient food intake of children, adolescents and/or adults with PKU were included in the study, without time restriction, in any language. A total of 384 articles were found and 27 articles were selected and analyzed. Results: evidence about the nutritional composition of their diet showed that individuals with PKU consume between 1160-2721 kcal of energy -7.2-17.4 % (32.4-76.9 g) of energy as protein, 45.9-69.2 % of energy as carbohydrates, 16.6-39 % of energy as lipids- and between 7.6 and 20 g of fiber. Conclusion: most individuals with PKU have low energy, protein and fiber intake, adequate lipid intake, and high carbohydrate intake. Metabolic control of the disease is still a challenge in all countries. Nutritional strategies to improve dietary nutritional composition and phenylalanine blood levels in individuals with PKU remain an urgent issue.

Introducción: Introducción: la ingesta dietética de los individuos con fenilcetonuria (PKU) puede variar ampliamente debido a los diferentes hábitos culturales de alimentación, el estilo de vida, el acceso al equipo multidisciplinar y las fórmulas metabólicas disponibles. Por ello, conocer la ingesta dietética de esta población permite adaptar las estrategias de tratamiento nutricional para incidir en su salud. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia sobre la ingesta dietética de individuos con PKU. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica integradora sobre la ingesta dietética de las personas con PKU en las bases de datos PUBMED, BIREME y Science Direct. El estudio incluyó artículos originales que abordaran la ingesta alimentaria de energía y macronutrientes de niños, adolescentes y/o adultos con PKU, sin restricción de tiempo, en cualquier idioma. Se encontraron 384 artículos y se seleccionaron y analizaron 27. Resultados: la evidencia de la composición nutricional de la dieta mostró que los individuos con PKU consumen entre 1160 y 2721 kcal de energía ­7,2-17,4 % (32,4-76,9 g) de la energía en forma de proteínas, 45,9-69,2 % de la energía en carbohidratos, 16,6-39 % de la energía en lípidos­ y entre 7,6 y 20 g de fibra. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los individuos con PKU tienen una ingesta baja de energía, proteínas y fibra, una ingesta adecuada de lípidos y una ingesta alta de hidratos de carbono. El control metabólico de la enfermedad sigue siendo un reto en todos los países. Siguen siendo urgentes las estrategias nutricionales para mejorar la composición nutricional de la dieta y los niveles de fenilalanina en sangre de los individuos con PKU.

Cantidad, estabilidad y digestibilidad de hidratos de carbono tras el proceso de extrusión: Impacto sobre el índice glicémico de harinas de consumo habitual en Chile

Las harinas de trigo, maíz, lentejas y arroz son elementales para la formulación de distintos alimentos de alto consumo en la población chilena. El proceso de extrusión es ampliamente utilizado por la industria alimentaria para generar propiedades que permitan la reconstitución instantánea de harinas. Sin embargo, dicho proceso tecnológico; afecta la cantidad, la estabilidad y la digestibilidad de los hidratos de carbono (CHO) del ingrediente alimentario. Estas propiedades nutricionales impactan directamente en la respuesta glicémica de los individuos y en el índice glicémico (IG) de los alimentos. La presente revisión analiza el efecto de la extrusión sobre las propiedades nutricionales de los CHO de alimentos elaborados a partir de harinas de consumo habitual en Chile. Factores como la temperatura, y en menor grado, la humedad y velocidad utilizadas en el proceso de extrusión, junto con el origen del grano utilizado, determinan las propiedades nutricionales de CHO presente en harinas extruidas. El estudio, control y estandarización de estas variables operacionales permitiría estandarizar la elaboración industrial de productos extruidos, impactando favorablemente; sobre la velocidad de hidrólisis de almidón y el IG de harinas de trigo, maíz, lentejas o arroz; y de alimentos formulados a partir de ellas.

Flours from wheat, corn, lentils, and rice are essential for the formulation of various high-consumption foods in the Chilean population. The extrusion process is widely used by the food industry to generate properties that allow for the instant reconstitution of flours. However, this technological process affects the nutritional properties of the carbohydrates (CHO) in the food ingredient, including quantity, stability, and digestibility; characteristics that directly impact the glycemic response of individuals and the glycemic index of foods. This review analyzes the effect of extrusion on the nutritional properties of CHO in foods made from commonly consumed flours in Chile. Factors such as temperature, and to a lesser extent, humidity, and speed used in the extrusion process, along with the origin of the grain used, determine the healthy properties of CHO in extruded flours. The utility of adjusting the mentioned variables in the extrusion process would allow for the standardization of industrial scaling in the production of extruded foods that would positively impact the starch hydrolysis rate and glycemic index of wheat, corn, lentil, or rice flours, and foods formulated from them.

Multidisciplinary consensus on nutritional and metabolic therapy in enhanced recovery after abdominal surgery programs: NutRICA Project.

BACKGROUND: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care pathways include evidence-based items designed to accelerate recovery after surgery. Interdisciplinarity is one of the key points of ERAS programs. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a consensus document among the members of the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Group for Multimodal Rehabilitation (GERM), in which the goal is to homogenize the nutritional and metabolic management of patients included in an ERAS program. METHODS: 69 specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition and 85 members of the GERM participated in the project. After a literature review, 79 statements were proposed, divided into 5 sections: 17 of general characteristics, 28 referring to the preoperative period, 4 to the intraoperative, 13 to the perioperative and 17 to the postoperative period. The degree of consensus was determined through a Delphi process of 2 circulations that was ratified by a consistency analysis. RESULTS: Overall, in 61 of the 79 statements there was a consistent agreement, with the degree of consensus being greater among members of the SEEN (64/79) than members of the GERM (59/79). Within the 18 statements where a consistent agreement was not reached, we should highlight some important nutritional strategies such as muscle mass assessment, the start of early oral feeding or pharmaconutrition. CONCLUSION: Consensus was reached on the vast majority of the nutritional measures and care included in ERAS programs. Due to the lack of agreement on certain key points, it is necessary to continue working closely with both societies to improve the recovery of the surgical patients.

Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity, and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment. This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, the Spanish Diabetes Society, and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Multidisciplinary consensus on nutritional and metabolic therapy in enhanced recovery after abdominal surgery programs: NutRICA Project. / Consenso multidisciplinar sobre la terapia nutricional y metabólica en los programas de recuperación intensificada en cirugía abdominal: Proyecto NutRICA.

BACKGROUND: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care pathways include evidence-based items designed to accelerate recovery after surgery. Interdisciplinarity is one of the key points of ERAS programs. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a consensus document among the members of the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Group for Multimodal Rehabilitation (GERM), in which the goal is to homogenize the nutritional and metabolic management of patients included in an ERAS program. METHODS: 69 specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition and 85 members of the GERM participated in the project. After a literature review, 79 statements were proposed, divided into 5 sections: 17 of general characteristics, 28 referring to the preoperative period, 4 to the intraoperative, 13 to the perioperative and 17 to the postoperative period. The degree of consensus was determined through a Delphi process of 2 circulations that was ratified by a consistency analysis. RESULTS: Overall, in 61 of the 79 statements there was a consistent agreement, with the degree of consensus being greater among members of the SEEN (64/79) than members of the GERM (59/79). Within the 18 statements where a consistent agreement was not reached, we should highlight some important nutritional strategies such as muscle mass assessment, the start of early oral feeding or pharmaconutrition. CONCLUSION: Consensus was reached on the vast majority of the nutritional measures and care included in ERAS programs. Due to the lack of agreement on certain key points, it is necessary to continue working closely with both societies to improve the recovery of the surgical patients.

Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity; and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment. This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis (SEA, for its initials in Spanish), the Spanish Diabetes Society (SED, for its initials in Spanish), and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI, for its initials in Spanish).

Resumen ejecutivo: actualización en el tratamiento dietético de la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Los cambios adecuados del estilo de vida reducen significativamente los factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por lo que en su manejo se debe recomendar un patrón saludable de alimentación, actividad física regular, no consumir tabaco, y una buena higiene del sueño. Hay una sólida evidencia de que los patrones alimentarios de base vegetal, bajos en ácidos grasos saturados, colesterol y sodio, con un alto contenido en fibra, potasio y ácidos grasos insaturados, son beneficiosos y reducen la expresión de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estos sujetos. En este contexto destacan la dieta mediterránea, la dieta DASH, la dieta baja en hidratos de carbono y la dieta vegano-vegetariana. Adicionalmente, en la relación entre nutrición y estas enfermedades metabólicas es fundamental dirigir los esfuerzos a prevenir la ganancia de peso o a reducir su exceso en caso de sobrepeso u obesidad, y personalizar el tratamiento para favorecer el empoderamiento del paciente.Este documento es un resumen ejecutivo de una revisión actualizada que incluye las principales recomendaciones para mejorar la calidad nutricional de la alimentación en las personas con prediabetes o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, disponible en las páginas web de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis, la Sociedad Española de Diabetes y la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna.(AU)

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity, and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment.This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, the Spanish Diabetes Society, and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.(AU)

Resumen ejecutivo: actualización en el tratamiento dietético de la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Los cambios adecuados del estilo de vida reducen significativamente los factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por lo que en su manejo se debe recomendar un patrón saludable de alimentación, actividad física regular, no consumir tabaco, y una buena higiene del sueño. Hay una sólida evidencia de que los patrones alimentarios de base vegetal, bajos en ácidos grasos saturados, colesterol y sodio, con un alto contenido en fibra, potasio y ácidos grasos insaturados, son beneficiosos y reducen la expresión de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estos sujetos. En este contexto destacan la dieta mediterránea, la dieta DASH, la dieta baja en hidratos de carbono y la dieta vegano-vegetariana. Adicionalmente, en la relación entre nutrición y estas enfermedades metabólicas es fundamental dirigir los esfuerzos a prevenir la ganancia de peso o a reducir su exceso en caso de sobrepeso u obesidad, y personalizar el tratamiento para favorecer el empoderamiento del paciente. Este documento es un resumen ejecutivo de una revisión actualizada que incluye las principales recomendaciones para mejorar la calidad nutricional de la alimentación en las personas con prediabetes o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, disponible en las páginas web de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis, la Sociedad Española de Diabetes y la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (AU)

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity, and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment. This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, the Spanish Diabetes Society, and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (AU)

Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Resumen ejecutivo: actualización en el tratamiento dietético de la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity, and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment. This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, the Spanish Diabetes Society, and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Resumen ejecutivo: actualización en el tratamiento dietético de la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity, and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment. This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, the Spanish Diabetes Society, and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Lactate: a biological marker of physical activity in colombian weightlifting athletes / Lactato: um marcador biológico da atividade física em atletas colombianos de halterofilismo / Lactato: un marcador biológico de la actividad física en atletas colombianos de halterofilia

ABSTRACT Introduction Blood biomarkers are measurable metabolic products that allow objective monitoring of the training process, and their analysis provides an opportunity to improve athletic performance. Objective To evaluate blood lactate concentrations in a group of the Valle League weightlifting athletes as a tool to determine the effects of training and its direct relationship to performance during competition. Methods This is an observational cross-sectional study. Lactate levels of 32 weightlifting athletes belonging to the Valle Weightlifting League were evaluated. Blood samples were taken from the ear lobe to quantify the lactate concentration, using a Scout Lactate analyzer. Samples were taken before and after a high intensity training section consisting of four maximum repetition (MR) sports gestures, in which 5 series and 15 repetitions were performed for each sports gesture, with a rest period of 40 seconds between each exercise. The software program SPSS, version 25, was used to determine the lactate concentrations. Results An average lactate concentration 22.46 mg/dL was obtained for the athletes at rest, and an average of 98.30 mg/dL in the final lactate concentration, after high intensity exercise. Significant differences were found between the initial and final lactate concentrations. Conclusion Lactate concentration increases with physical activity; it varies from one individual to another; and it can be used as a biomarker of intensity of physical activity in the field of sports. Level of evidence; II type of study: Prognostic Studies Investigating the Effect of a Patient Characteristic on a disease outcome.

RESUMO Introdução Os biomarcadores sanguíneos são produtos metabólicos mensuráveis que permitem a monitorização objetiva do processo de treino, e sua análise é uma oportunidade para melhorar o desempenho atlético. Objetivos Avaliar as concentrações de lactato no sangue de um grupo de atletas de halterofilismo da Liga Valle como ferramenta para determinar os efeitos do treino e sua relação direta com o desempenho durante a competição. Métodos Este é um estudo transversal e observacional. Foram avaliados os níveis de lactato em 32 atletas da Liga de Halterofilismo Valle. A amostra de sangue foi retirada do lóbulo da orelha com o intuito de quantificar a concentração de lactato com o analisador Scout Lactate. As amostras foram colhidas antes e depois de uma seção de treino de alta intensidade, que consistiu em quatro gestos esportivos de repetição máxima (RM), nos quais foram realizadas 5 séries e 15 repetições para cada gesto esportivo, com um período de repouso de 40 segundos entre cada exercício. O software SPSS, versão 25 foi usado para determinar as concentrações de lactato. Resultados A concentração média de lactato nos atletas em repouso foi 22,46 mg/dl e a concentração média final foi de 98,30 mg/dl depois de exercício de alta intensidade. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas ao comparar a concentração inicial com a concentração final de lactato. Conclusões A concentração de lactato aumenta com a realização da atividade física, é variável de um indivíduo para outro e pode ser usada como biomarcador de intensidade da atividade física na área dos esportes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos prognósticos - Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

RESUMEN Introducción Los biomarcadores sanguíneos son productos metabólicos mensurables que permiten la monitorización objetiva del proceso de entrenamiento, y su análisis es una oportunidad para mejorar el desempeño atlético. Objetivos Evaluar las concentraciones de lactato en la sangre de un grupo de atletas de halterofilia de la Liga Valle como herramienta para determinar los efectos del entrenamiento y su relación directa con el desempeño durante la competición. Métodos Este es un estudio transversal y observacional. Fueron evaluados los niveles de lactato en 32 atletas de la Liga de Halterofilia Valle. La muestra de sangre fue retirada del lóbulo de la oreja con el objetivo de cuantificar la concentración de lactato con el analizador Scout Lactate. Las muestras fueron tomadas antes y después de una sección de entrenamiento de alta intensidad, que consistió en cuatro gestos deportivos de repetición máxima (RM), en los que se realizaron 5 series y 15 repeticiones para cada gesto deportivo, con un período de descanso de 40 segundos entre cada ejercicio. El software SPSS versión 25 fue usado para determinar las concentraciones de lactato. Resultados La concentración promedio de lactato en los atletas en reposo fue 22,46 mg/dl y la concentración promedio final fue de 98,30 mg/dl después del ejercicio de alta intensidad. Fueron encontradas diferencias significativas al comparar la concentración inicial con la concentración final de lactato. Conclusiones La concentración de lactato aumenta con la realización de actividad física, es variable de un individuo para otro, y puede ser usada como biomarcador de intensidad de la actividad física en el área de los deportes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios pronósticos - Investigación del efecto de característica de un paciente sobre el resultado de la enfermedad

Executive summary: Updates to the dietary treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Resumen ejecutivo: actualización en el tratamiento dietético de la prediabetes y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Adequate lifestyle changes significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, abstaining from using tobacco, and good sleep hygiene are recommended for managing these conditions. There is solid evidence that diets that are plant-based; low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium; and high in fiber, potassium, and unsaturated fatty acids are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. In view of the foregoing, the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, and a vegan-vegetarian diet are of note. Additionally, the relationship between nutrition and these metabolic pathologies is fundamental in targeting efforts to prevent weight gain, reducing excess weight in the case of individuals with overweight or obesity, and personalizing treatment to promote patient empowerment. This document is the executive summary of an updated review that includes the main recommendations for improving dietary nutritional quality in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The full review is available on the webpages of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis, the Spanish Diabetes Society, and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine.

Propuesta de utilización de harina de cabeza de pescado para fortificar alimentos de consumo popular altos en carbohidratos / Proposal for the use of fish head meal to fortify popular consumption foods high in carbohydrates

En esta investigación documental se presentan alternativas viables para utilizar cabezas de pescado, subproductos de la acuicultura, para elaborar harina que sirva como materia prima para la fortificación de productos alimenticios nutritivos. La harina de cabeza de pescado propuesta en esta investigación puede ser integrada exitosamente a alimentos para consumo humano, y usadas en las proporciones adecuadas no causa interferencias en las propiedades sensoriales de los productos formulados. Para masificar la producción de los alimentos fortificados con harina de cabeza de pescado propuestos en este estudio, es indispensable practicarle además una serie de pruebas denominadas "vida de anaquel".

In this documentary research, viable alternatives are presented to use fish heads, by-products of aquaculture, to make flour that serve as raw material for the fortification of nutritious food products. The fish head meal proposed in this research can be successfully integrated into food for human consumption, and used in the appropriate proportions does not cause interference in the sensory properties of the formulated products. To massify the production of foods fortified with fish head meal proposed in this study, it is essential to also perform a series of tests called "shelf life".

Alterations of carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. Effects on the mother and new born infant. / Alteraciones del metabolismo glucídico durante el embarazo. Efectos sobre la madre y el recién nacido.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes is the pathology that most frequently causes medical alterations in pregnancy. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the presence of alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates during pregnancy and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in mother and foetus. PATIENTS AND METHOD: An observational study was conducted on 799 women who had just given birth. The clinical and obstetric characteristics of the patients, as well as the data related to pregnancy and delivery, including the state of the new born infant were analysed. The information was evaluated in relation to the alterations in carbohydrate metabolism. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: For women with gestational diabetes a 2.64 times greater risk of loss of foetal well-being and 3.14 times greater risk of requiring hospitalization during pregnancy were found. For pregnant women with carbohydrate intolerance, a 2.61 times higher risk of requiring episiotomy in vaginal delivery, a 7.54 times greater risk of finding loss of foetal well-being, and a 2.06 times greater risk of requiring hospitalization were found. The group with carbohydrate intolerance behaved similarly to that with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The group with intolerance to carbohydrates is a little studied group and significant obstetric alterations were found compared to the control group and similar to those of the gestational diabetes group.

[The role of nutrition in the recovery of a basketball player]. / Papel de la nutrición en la recuperación del jugador de baloncesto.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: very few works offer a practical solution to understand the nutritional requirements of current basketball. This work offers a theoretical-practical proposal. Objectives: to analyze the fatigue produced during a basketball game and offer a practical solution to accelerate recovery through nutrition. Methods: a search of the PubMed bibliographic database for reviews from the last 15 years and original articles from the last 5 years on basketball. Results: type of nutrient and food supplements are essential for a quicker recovery, in addition to their timing and dose. Conclusions: nutrition before, during and after a game or a high-intensity training session plays a fundamental role in the recovery of the basketball player.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: son escasos los trabajos que ofrecen una solución práctica a los requerimientos nutricionales del baloncesto actual. Este trabajo ofrece una propuesta teórico-práctica, basada en una revisión de la literatura de los últimos años. Objetivos: analizar la fatiga que produce un partido de baloncesto y ofrecer una solución práctica para acelerar la recuperación por medio de la alimentación. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos PubMed de revisiones bibliográficas de los últimos 15 años y artículos originales de los últimos 5 años. Resultados: el tipo de nutriente y los suplementos alimenticios, así como la cantidad y el momento de su ingesta, son variables fundamentales para acelerar la recuperación. Conclusiones: la alimentación antes, durante y después de un partido o de una sesión de entrenamiento exigente es fundamental para la rápida recuperación del jugador.

Detección de la alteración del metabolismo glucídico y resistencia a la insulina en una muestra piloto infantil: Aproximación metabolómica / Detection of impaired glucidic metabolism and insulin resistance in a pilot child sample

Resumen Introducción: La metabolómica permite estudiar la resistencia a insulina (RI), un factor de riesgo de pre-diabetes y diabetes. Quantose IR TM es el único test que mide la RI mediante la abrazadera hiperinsulinémica euglicémica. Objetivo: Se comprobó la eficacia de un test metabolómico en la detección de marcadores de RI en población infantil. Materiales ymétodos: Once niños, de edad 8,54±3,53 años y con factores de riesgo de diabetes, fueron reclutados del Hospital El Escorial. Se estableció como criterio diagnóstico para la prediabetes el estándar de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA) (HbA1C 5,7-6,4% y glucosa basal 100-125mg/dl). Se compararon las analíticas de sangre con la prueba de Quantose IR TM , estudiando el perfil del metaboloma relacionado con la RI (ácido alfa-hidroxibutírico, ácido oleico, linoleo-glicerofosfocolina e insulina). Su análisis generó una puntuación Quantose © (escala 0-100), siendo >63 RI. Resultados: Ningún sujeto cumplió el criterio de la ADA para prediabetes: HbA1C fue 5,3±0,18 % y glucosa 86,6±5,6 mg/dl. Por el contrario, 10 sujetos cumplieron criterios del test Quantose IR TM para la RI (score: 78,09 ± 9,24 (>63)). Conclusiones: El test Quantose IR TM mide el porcentaje de hemoglobina unida a glucosa dentro de los glóbulos rojos. Permite prever el riesgo de diabetes, y tomar medidas preventivas.

Abstract Introduction: Metabolomics enables the study of insulin resistance (IR), a risk factor for pre-diabetes and diabetes. Quantose IRTM is the only test that measures IR using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Objective: The effectiveness of a metabolomic test for the detection of RI markers in a child population was verified. Materials and methods: Eleven children aged 8.54 ± 3.53 years with diabetes risk factors were recruited from the El Escorial Hospital. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards (5,7-6,4% HbA1C and 100-125 mg/dl basal glucose) were established as diagnostic criteria for prediabetes. Blood tests were compared to the Quantose IRTM assay studying the metabolomic profile related to IR (alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, oleic acid, linoleo-glycerophosphocoline and insulin). This analysis generated a Quantose © score of IR > 63. Results: None of the subjects met the ADA criteria for prediabetes: HbA1C=5,3±0,18 and glucose=86,6± 5,6 mg/dl. On the contrary, 10 subjects met the Quantose IRTM test criterion for IR (score: 78,09 ± 9,24 (>63)). Conclusions: The Quantose IRTM test measures the percentage of glucose bound hemoglobin within red blood cells. This assay makes it possible to predict diabetes risk and take preventive measures.

Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on performance and body composition in trained cyclists.

INTRODUCTION: Previous evidence suggests that low-carbohydrate diets may improve body composition and performance relative to body weight in endurance athletes. This has been the first study that has attempted to evaluate the utility of low-carbohydrate diets in a sample of eleven trained and experienced road cyclists who consumed 10% of their caloric intake in the form of carbohydrates during four weeks while maintaining a neutral energy balance (50 kcal/kg/day). Body composition was evaluated through an electrical impedance assessment before and after the intervention while maximal power output (5 and 20 min) was measured on a bike trainer by following a standardized protocol and in the same room conditions for all the participants. The study was performed during the preseason, when the subjects could abstain from performing high-intensity workouts. The participants, eleven men aged 31 ± 5 years, performed four weekly 150 min training sessions at submaximal intensities and received nutritional support from a certified sport nutritionist. The intervention resulted in reduced total weight (-2.51 kg) and body fat percentage (2.42%), and improved relative power (+0.2 w/kg for 20 min and +0.25 w/kg for 5 min) values while absolute power remained unchanged. The results suggest that low-carbohydrate diets could be used in order to induce changes in body composition and improve relative power during the preseason. However, future research with larger sample sizes and a control group is needed in order to validate the results.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evidencia científica previa sugiere que las dietas bajas en hidratos de carbono pueden mejorar la composición corporal y el rendimiento relativo al peso en deportistas de resistencia. Este ha sido el primer estudio que ha intentado evaluar la utilidad de este tipo de dieta en una muestra de once ciclistas de carretera entrenados y experimentados que consumieron un 10% de sus calorías diarias en forma de hidratos de carbono durante cuatro semanas mientras mantenían un balance energético neutro (50 kcal/kg/día). La composición corporal se evaluó con bioimpedancia eléctrica antes y después de la intervención mientras que la potencia máxima (5 y 20 min) se evaluó siguiendo un protocolo estandarizado sobre un rodillo de ciclismo en las mismas condiciones ambientales para todos los participantes. El estudio se realizó en la pretemporada, cuando todos los sujetos podían abstenerse de realizar entrenamientos de alta intensidad. Los participantes, once hombres con edades de 31 ± 5 años, realizaron cuatro sesiones de entrenamiento de 150 minutos de duración semanales y recibieron apoyo de un nutricionista deportivo titulado. La intervención resultó en una disminución del peso (-2,51 kg) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (-2,42%), así como en un aumento de la potencia relativa (+0,2 w/kg en potencia 20 min y +0,25 w/kg en potencia 5 min) mientras que los valores de potencia absoluta no se modificaron. Los resultados sugieren que las dietas bajas en hidratos de carbono podrían utilizarse durante la pretemporada para inducir cambios en la composición corporal y mejorar la potencia relativa. Sin embargo, hacen falta estudios con una muestra más grande y un grupo de control para poder validar estos resultados.

Addictive salt may not be solely responsible for causing hypertension: A sweet and fatty hypothesis.

In literature, since many decades, it is often believed and condoned that excessive common salt (Nacl) ingestion can lead to hypertension. Hence, every health organisation, agencies and physicians have been advising salt restriction to hypertensive patients. However, there is no concrete evidence suggesting that salt restriction can reduce the risk of hypertension (HTN). The present article is based on the current literature search which was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar and PubMed. The meta-analysis, randomised control trials, clinical trials and review articles were chosen. The present review article suggests that consumption of high salt diet does not lead to hypertension and there are other factors which can lead to hypertension, sugar and fats being the main reasons. Salt can however lead to addiction and generally, these salty food items have a larger proportion of sugar and fats, which if over-consumed has a potential to cause obesity, hyperlipidaemia and subsequently, hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Hence, through the present review, I would like to suggest all the physicians to ask the hypertensive patients to cut down the intake of sugar and fat containing food items and keep a check on addiction of salty food items.

Suplementação com bebida artesanal que contém carboidrato em atletas da ginástica rítmica / Handmade drink supplementation containing carbohydrate in rhythmic gymnastics athletes / Suplementación con bebida preparada artesanalmente que contiene hidratos de carbono para deportistas de gimnasia rítmica

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a interferência do consumo de diferentes bebidas artesanais a base de carboidratos durante o treinamento sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de lactato e glicose e sensação afetiva de atletas da modalidade de Ginástica Rítmica (GR). O estudo foi desenvolvido com 10 atletas (14 a 19 anos) de GR, realizados em três dias consecutivos (1° dia: controle G1; 2° dia: Suplemento 1 G2; 3° dia: Suplemento 2 G3), com ingestão da bebida em três momentos distintos: no início do treino, 1 hora e 2 horas após. Os resultados permitem concluir que os suplementos foram eficientes para manter os níveis glicêmicos, além disso, as bebidas artesanais a base de carboidratos proporcionaram maior sensação de prazer diante do esforço realizado, principalmente o G3.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the influence of the consumption of different handmade drinks containing carbohydrates during training on lactate and glucose concentration and affective feeling of Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) athletes. The study was conducted with 10 athletes (14-19 years) of RG, performed during three consecutive days (1st day: control G1, 2nd day: Supplement 1 G2, 3rd day: Supplement 2 G3), with intake at three different times: at the beginning of training, 1 hour and 2 hours after. The results showed that the supplements were effective in maintaining glucose; moreover, the handmade drinks containing carbohydrates provided greater sense of pleasure at the efforts, especially in G3.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la influencia del consumo de diferentes bebidas preparadas artesanalmente que contienen hidratos de carbono durante el entrenamiento en la concentración plasmática de lactato y glucosa, y el sentimiento afectivo de atletas de gimnasia rítmica (GR). El estudio se llevó a cabo con 10 atletas (14-19 años) de GR, realizado durante 3 días consecutivos (primer día: control G1; segundo día: suplemento 1 G2, y tercer día: suplemento 2 G3), con la ingesta de la bebida en tres momentos diferentes: al comienzo del entreno, 1 hora y 2 horas después. Los resultados mostraron que los suplementos fueron efectivos en el mantenimiento de los niveles de glucosa; además, las bebidas preparadas artesanalmente que contienen hidratos de carbono proporcionan mayor sensación de placer por los esfuerzos realizados, especialmente en G3.